// Copyright 2018 Google Inc. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. // You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. package udp import ( "sync" "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sleep" "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/tcpip" "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/buffer" "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header" "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack" "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/waiter" ) // +stateify savable type udpPacket struct { udpPacketEntry senderAddress tcpip.FullAddress data buffer.VectorisedView `state:".(buffer.VectorisedView)"` timestamp int64 hasTimestamp bool // views is used as buffer for data when its length is large // enough to store a VectorisedView. views [8]buffer.View `state:"nosave"` } type endpointState int const ( stateInitial endpointState = iota stateBound stateConnected stateClosed ) // endpoint represents a UDP endpoint. This struct serves as the interface // between users of the endpoint and the protocol implementation; it is legal to // have concurrent goroutines make calls into the endpoint, they are properly // synchronized. // // +stateify savable type endpoint struct { // The following fields are initialized at creation time and do not // change throughout the lifetime of the endpoint. stack *stack.Stack `state:"manual"` netProto tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber waiterQueue *waiter.Queue // The following fields are used to manage the receive queue, and are // protected by rcvMu. rcvMu sync.Mutex `state:"nosave"` rcvReady bool rcvList udpPacketList rcvBufSizeMax int `state:".(int)"` rcvBufSize int rcvClosed bool rcvTimestamp bool // The following fields are protected by the mu mutex. mu sync.RWMutex `state:"nosave"` sndBufSize int id stack.TransportEndpointID state endpointState bindNICID tcpip.NICID regNICID tcpip.NICID route stack.Route `state:"manual"` dstPort uint16 v6only bool multicastTTL uint8 // shutdownFlags represent the current shutdown state of the endpoint. shutdownFlags tcpip.ShutdownFlags // multicastMemberships that need to be remvoed when the endpoint is // closed. Protected by the mu mutex. multicastMemberships []multicastMembership // effectiveNetProtos contains the network protocols actually in use. In // most cases it will only contain "netProto", but in cases like IPv6 // endpoints with v6only set to false, this could include multiple // protocols (e.g., IPv6 and IPv4) or a single different protocol (e.g., // IPv4 when IPv6 endpoint is bound or connected to an IPv4 mapped // address). effectiveNetProtos []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber } type multicastMembership struct { nicID tcpip.NICID multicastAddr tcpip.Address } func newEndpoint(stack *stack.Stack, netProto tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber, waiterQueue *waiter.Queue) *endpoint { return &endpoint{ stack: stack, netProto: netProto, waiterQueue: waiterQueue, // RFC 1075 section 5.4 recommends a TTL of 1 for membership // requests. // // RFC 5135 4.2.1 appears to assume that IGMP messages have a // TTL of 1. // // RFC 5135 Appendix A defines TTL=1: A multicast source that // wants its traffic to not traverse a router (e.g., leave a // home network) may find it useful to send traffic with IP // TTL=1. // // Linux defaults to TTL=1. multicastTTL: 1, rcvBufSizeMax: 32 * 1024, sndBufSize: 32 * 1024, } } // NewConnectedEndpoint creates a new endpoint in the connected state using the // provided route. func NewConnectedEndpoint(stack *stack.Stack, r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, waiterQueue *waiter.Queue) (tcpip.Endpoint, *tcpip.Error) { ep := newEndpoint(stack, r.NetProto, waiterQueue) // Register new endpoint so that packets are routed to it. if err := stack.RegisterTransportEndpoint(r.NICID(), []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{r.NetProto}, ProtocolNumber, id, ep); err != nil { ep.Close() return nil, err } ep.id = id ep.route = r.Clone() ep.dstPort = id.RemotePort ep.regNICID = r.NICID() ep.state = stateConnected return ep, nil } // Close puts the endpoint in a closed state and frees all resources // associated with it. func (e *endpoint) Close() { e.mu.Lock() e.shutdownFlags = tcpip.ShutdownRead | tcpip.ShutdownWrite switch e.state { case stateBound, stateConnected: e.stack.UnregisterTransportEndpoint(e.regNICID, e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.id) e.stack.ReleasePort(e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.id.LocalAddress, e.id.LocalPort) } for _, mem := range e.multicastMemberships { e.stack.LeaveGroup(e.netProto, mem.nicID, mem.multicastAddr) } e.multicastMemberships = nil // Close the receive list and drain it. e.rcvMu.Lock() e.rcvClosed = true e.rcvBufSize = 0 for !e.rcvList.Empty() { p := e.rcvList.Front() e.rcvList.Remove(p) } e.rcvMu.Unlock() e.route.Release() // Update the state. e.state = stateClosed e.mu.Unlock() e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventHUp | waiter.EventErr | waiter.EventIn | waiter.EventOut) } // Read reads data from the endpoint. This method does not block if // there is no data pending. func (e *endpoint) Read(addr *tcpip.FullAddress) (buffer.View, tcpip.ControlMessages, *tcpip.Error) { e.rcvMu.Lock() if e.rcvList.Empty() { err := tcpip.ErrWouldBlock if e.rcvClosed { err = tcpip.ErrClosedForReceive } e.rcvMu.Unlock() return buffer.View{}, tcpip.ControlMessages{}, err } p := e.rcvList.Front() e.rcvList.Remove(p) e.rcvBufSize -= p.data.Size() ts := e.rcvTimestamp e.rcvMu.Unlock() if addr != nil { *addr = p.senderAddress } if ts && !p.hasTimestamp { // Linux uses the current time. p.timestamp = e.stack.NowNanoseconds() } return p.data.ToView(), tcpip.ControlMessages{HasTimestamp: ts, Timestamp: p.timestamp}, nil } // prepareForWrite prepares the endpoint for sending data. In particular, it // binds it if it's still in the initial state. To do so, it must first // reacquire the mutex in exclusive mode. // // Returns true for retry if preparation should be retried. func (e *endpoint) prepareForWrite(to *tcpip.FullAddress) (retry bool, err *tcpip.Error) { switch e.state { case stateInitial: case stateConnected: return false, nil case stateBound: if to == nil { return false, tcpip.ErrDestinationRequired } return false, nil default: return false, tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } e.mu.RUnlock() defer e.mu.RLock() e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() // The state changed when we released the shared locked and re-acquired // it in exclusive mode. Try again. if e.state != stateInitial { return true, nil } // The state is still 'initial', so try to bind the endpoint. if err := e.bindLocked(tcpip.FullAddress{}, nil); err != nil { return false, err } return true, nil } // Write writes data to the endpoint's peer. This method does not block // if the data cannot be written. func (e *endpoint) Write(p tcpip.Payload, opts tcpip.WriteOptions) (uintptr, *tcpip.Error) { // MSG_MORE is unimplemented. (This also means that MSG_EOR is a no-op.) if opts.More { return 0, tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue } to := opts.To e.mu.RLock() defer e.mu.RUnlock() // If we've shutdown with SHUT_WR we are in an invalid state for sending. if e.shutdownFlags&tcpip.ShutdownWrite != 0 { return 0, tcpip.ErrClosedForSend } // Prepare for write. for { retry, err := e.prepareForWrite(to) if err != nil { return 0, err } if !retry { break } } var route *stack.Route var dstPort uint16 if to == nil { route = &e.route dstPort = e.dstPort if route.IsResolutionRequired() { // Promote lock to exclusive if using a shared route, given that it may need to // change in Route.Resolve() call below. e.mu.RUnlock() defer e.mu.RLock() e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() // Recheck state after lock was re-acquired. if e.state != stateConnected { return 0, tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } } } else { // Reject destination address if it goes through a different // NIC than the endpoint was bound to. nicid := to.NIC if e.bindNICID != 0 { if nicid != 0 && nicid != e.bindNICID { return 0, tcpip.ErrNoRoute } nicid = e.bindNICID } toCopy := *to to = &toCopy netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(to, false) if err != nil { return 0, err } // Find the enpoint. r, err := e.stack.FindRoute(nicid, e.id.LocalAddress, to.Addr, netProto) if err != nil { return 0, err } defer r.Release() route = &r dstPort = to.Port } if route.IsResolutionRequired() { waker := &sleep.Waker{} if err := route.Resolve(waker); err != nil { if err == tcpip.ErrWouldBlock { // Link address needs to be resolved. Resolution was triggered the background. // Better luck next time. // // TODO: queue up the request and send after link address // is resolved. route.RemoveWaker(waker) return 0, tcpip.ErrNoLinkAddress } return 0, err } } v, err := p.Get(p.Size()) if err != nil { return 0, err } ttl := route.DefaultTTL() if header.IsV4MulticastAddress(route.RemoteAddress) || header.IsV6MulticastAddress(route.RemoteAddress) { ttl = e.multicastTTL } if err := sendUDP(route, buffer.View(v).ToVectorisedView(), e.id.LocalPort, dstPort, ttl); err != nil { return 0, err } return uintptr(len(v)), nil } // Peek only returns data from a single datagram, so do nothing here. func (e *endpoint) Peek([][]byte) (uintptr, tcpip.ControlMessages, *tcpip.Error) { return 0, tcpip.ControlMessages{}, nil } // SetSockOpt sets a socket option. Currently not supported. func (e *endpoint) SetSockOpt(opt interface{}) *tcpip.Error { // TODO: Actually implement this. switch v := opt.(type) { case tcpip.V6OnlyOption: // We only recognize this option on v6 endpoints. if e.netProto != header.IPv6ProtocolNumber { return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() // We only allow this to be set when we're in the initial state. if e.state != stateInitial { return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } e.v6only = v != 0 case tcpip.TimestampOption: e.rcvMu.Lock() e.rcvTimestamp = v != 0 e.rcvMu.Unlock() case tcpip.MulticastTTLOption: e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() e.multicastTTL = uint8(v) case tcpip.AddMembershipOption: nicID := v.NIC if v.InterfaceAddr != header.IPv4Any { nicID = e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(nicID, e.netProto, v.InterfaceAddr) } if nicID == 0 { return tcpip.ErrNoRoute } // TODO: check that v.MulticastAddr is a multicast address. if err := e.stack.JoinGroup(e.netProto, nicID, v.MulticastAddr); err != nil { return err } e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() e.multicastMemberships = append(e.multicastMemberships, multicastMembership{nicID, v.MulticastAddr}) case tcpip.RemoveMembershipOption: nicID := v.NIC if v.InterfaceAddr != header.IPv4Any { nicID = e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(nicID, e.netProto, v.InterfaceAddr) } if nicID == 0 { return tcpip.ErrNoRoute } // TODO: check that v.MulticastAddr is a multicast address. if err := e.stack.LeaveGroup(e.netProto, nicID, v.MulticastAddr); err != nil { return err } e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() for i, mem := range e.multicastMemberships { if mem.nicID == nicID && mem.multicastAddr == v.MulticastAddr { // Only remove the first match, so that each added membership above is // paired with exactly 1 removal. e.multicastMemberships[i] = e.multicastMemberships[len(e.multicastMemberships)-1] e.multicastMemberships = e.multicastMemberships[:len(e.multicastMemberships)-1] break } } } return nil } // GetSockOpt implements tcpip.Endpoint.GetSockOpt. func (e *endpoint) GetSockOpt(opt interface{}) *tcpip.Error { switch o := opt.(type) { case tcpip.ErrorOption: return nil case *tcpip.SendBufferSizeOption: e.mu.Lock() *o = tcpip.SendBufferSizeOption(e.sndBufSize) e.mu.Unlock() return nil case *tcpip.ReceiveBufferSizeOption: e.rcvMu.Lock() *o = tcpip.ReceiveBufferSizeOption(e.rcvBufSizeMax) e.rcvMu.Unlock() return nil case *tcpip.V6OnlyOption: // We only recognize this option on v6 endpoints. if e.netProto != header.IPv6ProtocolNumber { return tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption } e.mu.Lock() v := e.v6only e.mu.Unlock() *o = 0 if v { *o = 1 } return nil case *tcpip.ReceiveQueueSizeOption: e.rcvMu.Lock() if e.rcvList.Empty() { *o = 0 } else { p := e.rcvList.Front() *o = tcpip.ReceiveQueueSizeOption(p.data.Size()) } e.rcvMu.Unlock() return nil case *tcpip.TimestampOption: e.rcvMu.Lock() *o = 0 if e.rcvTimestamp { *o = 1 } e.rcvMu.Unlock() case *tcpip.MulticastTTLOption: e.mu.Lock() *o = tcpip.MulticastTTLOption(e.multicastTTL) e.mu.Unlock() return nil } return tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption } // sendUDP sends a UDP segment via the provided network endpoint and under the // provided identity. func sendUDP(r *stack.Route, data buffer.VectorisedView, localPort, remotePort uint16, ttl uint8) *tcpip.Error { // Allocate a buffer for the UDP header. hdr := buffer.NewPrependable(header.UDPMinimumSize + int(r.MaxHeaderLength())) // Initialize the header. udp := header.UDP(hdr.Prepend(header.UDPMinimumSize)) length := uint16(hdr.UsedLength() + data.Size()) udp.Encode(&header.UDPFields{ SrcPort: localPort, DstPort: remotePort, Length: length, }) // Only calculate the checksum if offloading isn't supported. if r.Capabilities()&stack.CapabilityChecksumOffload == 0 { xsum := r.PseudoHeaderChecksum(ProtocolNumber) for _, v := range data.Views() { xsum = header.Checksum(v, xsum) } udp.SetChecksum(^udp.CalculateChecksum(xsum, length)) } // Track count of packets sent. r.Stats().UDP.PacketsSent.Increment() return r.WritePacket(&hdr, data, ProtocolNumber, ttl) } func (e *endpoint) checkV4Mapped(addr *tcpip.FullAddress, allowMismatch bool) (tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber, *tcpip.Error) { netProto := e.netProto if header.IsV4MappedAddress(addr.Addr) { // Fail if using a v4 mapped address on a v6only endpoint. if e.v6only { return 0, tcpip.ErrNoRoute } netProto = header.IPv4ProtocolNumber addr.Addr = addr.Addr[header.IPv6AddressSize-header.IPv4AddressSize:] if addr.Addr == "\x00\x00\x00\x00" { addr.Addr = "" } // Fail if we are bound to an IPv6 address. if !allowMismatch && len(e.id.LocalAddress) == 16 { return 0, tcpip.ErrNetworkUnreachable } } // Fail if we're bound to an address length different from the one we're // checking. if l := len(e.id.LocalAddress); l != 0 && l != len(addr.Addr) { return 0, tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } return netProto, nil } // Connect connects the endpoint to its peer. Specifying a NIC is optional. func (e *endpoint) Connect(addr tcpip.FullAddress) *tcpip.Error { if addr.Port == 0 { // We don't support connecting to port zero. return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() nicid := addr.NIC var localPort uint16 switch e.state { case stateInitial: case stateBound, stateConnected: localPort = e.id.LocalPort if e.bindNICID == 0 { break } if nicid != 0 && nicid != e.bindNICID { return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } nicid = e.bindNICID default: return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(&addr, false) if err != nil { return err } // Find a route to the desired destination. r, err := e.stack.FindRoute(nicid, e.id.LocalAddress, addr.Addr, netProto) if err != nil { return err } defer r.Release() id := stack.TransportEndpointID{ LocalAddress: r.LocalAddress, LocalPort: localPort, RemotePort: addr.Port, RemoteAddress: r.RemoteAddress, } // Even if we're connected, this endpoint can still be used to send // packets on a different network protocol, so we register both even if // v6only is set to false and this is an ipv6 endpoint. netProtos := []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{netProto} if netProto == header.IPv6ProtocolNumber && !e.v6only { netProtos = []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{ header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, header.IPv6ProtocolNumber, } } id, err = e.registerWithStack(nicid, netProtos, id) if err != nil { return err } // Remove the old registration. if e.id.LocalPort != 0 { e.stack.UnregisterTransportEndpoint(e.regNICID, e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.id) } e.id = id e.route = r.Clone() e.dstPort = addr.Port e.regNICID = nicid e.effectiveNetProtos = netProtos e.state = stateConnected e.rcvMu.Lock() e.rcvReady = true e.rcvMu.Unlock() return nil } // ConnectEndpoint is not supported. func (*endpoint) ConnectEndpoint(tcpip.Endpoint) *tcpip.Error { return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } // Shutdown closes the read and/or write end of the endpoint connection // to its peer. func (e *endpoint) Shutdown(flags tcpip.ShutdownFlags) *tcpip.Error { e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() // A socket in the bound state can still receive multicast messages, // so we need to notify waiters on shutdown. if e.state != stateBound && e.state != stateConnected { return tcpip.ErrNotConnected } e.shutdownFlags |= flags if flags&tcpip.ShutdownRead != 0 { e.rcvMu.Lock() wasClosed := e.rcvClosed e.rcvClosed = true e.rcvMu.Unlock() if !wasClosed { e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventIn) } } return nil } // Listen is not supported by UDP, it just fails. func (*endpoint) Listen(int) *tcpip.Error { return tcpip.ErrNotSupported } // Accept is not supported by UDP, it just fails. func (*endpoint) Accept() (tcpip.Endpoint, *waiter.Queue, *tcpip.Error) { return nil, nil, tcpip.ErrNotSupported } func (e *endpoint) registerWithStack(nicid tcpip.NICID, netProtos []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber, id stack.TransportEndpointID) (stack.TransportEndpointID, *tcpip.Error) { if e.id.LocalPort == 0 { port, err := e.stack.ReservePort(netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id.LocalAddress, id.LocalPort) if err != nil { return id, err } id.LocalPort = port } err := e.stack.RegisterTransportEndpoint(nicid, netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id, e) if err != nil { e.stack.ReleasePort(netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id.LocalAddress, id.LocalPort) } return id, err } func (e *endpoint) bindLocked(addr tcpip.FullAddress, commit func() *tcpip.Error) *tcpip.Error { // Don't allow binding once endpoint is not in the initial state // anymore. if e.state != stateInitial { return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState } netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(&addr, true) if err != nil { return err } // Expand netProtos to include v4 and v6 if the caller is binding to a // wildcard (empty) address, and this is an IPv6 endpoint with v6only // set to false. netProtos := []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{netProto} if netProto == header.IPv6ProtocolNumber && !e.v6only && addr.Addr == "" { netProtos = []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{ header.IPv6ProtocolNumber, header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, } } if len(addr.Addr) != 0 { // A local address was specified, verify that it's valid. if e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(addr.NIC, netProto, addr.Addr) == 0 { return tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress } } id := stack.TransportEndpointID{ LocalPort: addr.Port, LocalAddress: addr.Addr, } id, err = e.registerWithStack(addr.NIC, netProtos, id) if err != nil { return err } if commit != nil { if err := commit(); err != nil { // Unregister, the commit failed. e.stack.UnregisterTransportEndpoint(addr.NIC, netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id) e.stack.ReleasePort(netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id.LocalAddress, id.LocalPort) return err } } e.id = id e.regNICID = addr.NIC e.effectiveNetProtos = netProtos // Mark endpoint as bound. e.state = stateBound e.rcvMu.Lock() e.rcvReady = true e.rcvMu.Unlock() return nil } // Bind binds the endpoint to a specific local address and port. // Specifying a NIC is optional. func (e *endpoint) Bind(addr tcpip.FullAddress, commit func() *tcpip.Error) *tcpip.Error { e.mu.Lock() defer e.mu.Unlock() err := e.bindLocked(addr, commit) if err != nil { return err } e.bindNICID = addr.NIC return nil } // GetLocalAddress returns the address to which the endpoint is bound. func (e *endpoint) GetLocalAddress() (tcpip.FullAddress, *tcpip.Error) { e.mu.RLock() defer e.mu.RUnlock() return tcpip.FullAddress{ NIC: e.regNICID, Addr: e.id.LocalAddress, Port: e.id.LocalPort, }, nil } // GetRemoteAddress returns the address to which the endpoint is connected. func (e *endpoint) GetRemoteAddress() (tcpip.FullAddress, *tcpip.Error) { e.mu.RLock() defer e.mu.RUnlock() if e.state != stateConnected { return tcpip.FullAddress{}, tcpip.ErrNotConnected } return tcpip.FullAddress{ NIC: e.regNICID, Addr: e.id.RemoteAddress, Port: e.id.RemotePort, }, nil } // Readiness returns the current readiness of the endpoint. For example, if // waiter.EventIn is set, the endpoint is immediately readable. func (e *endpoint) Readiness(mask waiter.EventMask) waiter.EventMask { // The endpoint is always writable. result := waiter.EventOut & mask // Determine if the endpoint is readable if requested. if (mask & waiter.EventIn) != 0 { e.rcvMu.Lock() if !e.rcvList.Empty() || e.rcvClosed { result |= waiter.EventIn } e.rcvMu.Unlock() } return result } // HandlePacket is called by the stack when new packets arrive to this transport // endpoint. func (e *endpoint) HandlePacket(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, vv buffer.VectorisedView) { // Get the header then trim it from the view. hdr := header.UDP(vv.First()) if int(hdr.Length()) > vv.Size() { // Malformed packet. e.stack.Stats().UDP.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment() return } vv.TrimFront(header.UDPMinimumSize) e.rcvMu.Lock() e.stack.Stats().UDP.PacketsReceived.Increment() // Drop the packet if our buffer is currently full. if !e.rcvReady || e.rcvClosed || e.rcvBufSize >= e.rcvBufSizeMax { e.stack.Stats().UDP.ReceiveBufferErrors.Increment() e.rcvMu.Unlock() return } wasEmpty := e.rcvBufSize == 0 // Push new packet into receive list and increment the buffer size. pkt := &udpPacket{ senderAddress: tcpip.FullAddress{ NIC: r.NICID(), Addr: id.RemoteAddress, Port: hdr.SourcePort(), }, } pkt.data = vv.Clone(pkt.views[:]) e.rcvList.PushBack(pkt) e.rcvBufSize += vv.Size() if e.rcvTimestamp { pkt.timestamp = e.stack.NowNanoseconds() pkt.hasTimestamp = true } e.rcvMu.Unlock() // Notify any waiters that there's data to be read now. if wasEmpty { e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventIn) } } // HandleControlPacket implements stack.TransportEndpoint.HandleControlPacket. func (e *endpoint) HandleControlPacket(id stack.TransportEndpointID, typ stack.ControlType, extra uint32, vv buffer.VectorisedView) { }